第一步:寻找连接词(不是连词)(有几个连接词就有几个从句)

第二步:找句子的主干:第一个连接词之前通常是主干

 

一:同位语

二:定语从句

 

1、连词的含义：连接词与词、短语与短语、或引导从句的词叫连接词.

2、连词的分类：连词分为并列连接词和从属连接词两种.

1、并列连接词连接并列的词、短语、从句或句子.常见的并列连接词有：and(和),but(但是),or(或者,否则),nor(也不), so(所以), however(然而,无论如何),for(因为),still(可是),as well as(也),both..and...(...和...), not only ...but also...(不但…而且…), either… or…(或…或…),neither… nor…(既不…也不…)等.

2、从属连接词用于引导从句,常见的从属连接词有：

when(当…时候), while(正当…时候), after(在…之后), before(在…之前), since(自从), until(直到), although/though(虽然), if(假如), as(如…一样；由于), as …as…(和…一样), as far as(就…而言), as long as(只要), as soon as(一…就…), even if(即使), because(因为), unless (除非), than(比…), whether (是否…), in order that…(为了), so…that…(如此…以致), so that…(以便), now that…(现在既然), by the time…(到…时候), every time…(每当), as if…(仿佛),no matter when(或whenever)(无论何时),no matter where(或wherever)(无论在哪里)等.

第一步:寻找连接词(不是连词)(有几个连接词就有几个从句)

 

A big survey of Indian households in 2004 found that nearly 40％ of emigrants had more than a high-school education,compared with around 3.3％ of all Indians over the age of 25.

一个that 一个从句

 

The same dramatic technological changes that have provided marketers with more and more diverse communications choices have also increased the risk that passionate consclmers Will voice their opinions in quicker more visible, and much more damaging ways.

一个主干两个从句

 

第二步:找句子的主干:第一个连接词之前通常是主干

 

 

 

Chomsky's grammar should show patterns of language change (主语)that are independent of  the family tree or the pathway tracked through it.

 

The same dramatic technological changes (主干) that have provided marketers with more and more diverse communications choices have also increased the risk that passionate consclmers Will voice their opinions in quicker more visible, and much more damaging ways.

 

通常介词前是主谓宾,介词后面是定状补.

[Chomsky's grammar(主语) should show(谓语)patterns(宾语)(主谓宾) of language change(定状补)]  that are independent of  the family tree or the pathway tracked through it.

 

通常两个名词在一起时,第一个名词兼代了形容词修饰第二个名词

 

A (of B)  A是中心词,  of B是修饰,修饰中心词

 

主干是1分 ,最低是0.5分.

 

 

 

A big survey(主语) of Indian households(介词短语1) in 2004(介词短语2) found(谓语) that nearly 40％ of emigrants had more than a high-school education,(宾语,宾语从句)compared with around 3.3％ of all Indians over the age of 25 ．

survey 名词前没有谓语不可能是宾语,只可能是主语

把of Indian households(介词短语1) 和in 2004(介词短语2) 拿掉剩下found(谓语)

注:主语之后没有谓宾语或者主谓在一起没有宾中间有别的成分把他们分开了,这成分:1.可以介词短语,2.可以是从句,3.可以插入语,4.也可以是过去分词

把这成分拿掉就是谓宾或宾语了

A of  B in c →在c里面的B的A

在2004年对印度家庭进行一次大调查.

 

Pearson has pieced together the work of hundreds of researchers around the world(状语) to produce a unique millennium technology calendar that gives the latest dates when we can expect hundreds of key breakthroughs and discoveries to take place.

状语要调到合适的为位置

A of B →C的B  hundreds of 是词组 只要与数字相关的顺着翻译

 

The same dramatic technological changesthat have provided marketers with more and more diverse communications choices have also increased the risk that passionate consclmers Will voice their opinions in quicker more visible, and much more damaging ways.

主干主谓宾:The same dramatic technological changeshave also increased the risk

黄色是其他部分.

从句也有主谓宾,还有定状补,定状补以名词结束communications choices结束,两个名词

通常两个名词在一起时,第一个名词兼代了形容词修饰第二个名词

 

 

名词从句就是把一个完整的句子当做名词来使用，使之在另个句子中充当某种成分。

主要充当四种成分．主语 ,表语，宾语 , 同位语。

当名词的句子有·陈述句 , 一般疑问句 ,特殊疑问句

 

 

That the seas are being over-fished(主语) is true.

主语从句的主语是一个句子,而不是一个词,

 

宾语从句:宾语是完整的句子

 

A big survey(主语) of Indian households(介词短语1) in 2004(介词短语2) found(谓语) that nearly 40％ of emigrants had more than a high-school education,(宾语,宾语从句,宾语是完整的句子,前面有谓语动词found,有主语survey)compared with around 3.3％ of all Indians over the age of 25 ．

 

Time(主语) was(系动词) when biologists somewhat overworked the evidence(表语→表语从句,表语是个句子) that these creatures preserve the health Of game by killing the physically weak, or that they prey only on "worthless" species.

 

 

 

1.表感官的系动词：look, sound, taste, smell, feel（这些词用形容词作表语） 　　

2.表似乎的系动词seem, appear 　　

3.表变化的系动词：become, get, turn, grow, make, come, go, fall, run　

4.表依旧的系动词：remain, keep, stay, continue, stand, rest, lie, hold 　　

5.可带名词作表语的系动词：become, make, look, sound, fall, prove, remain, turn（该词后接的单数名词前多不用冠词。如：He turned teacher.） 　　

6.如果读者对于这个语法现象还是不怎么理解的话，可以以这个名句为例子学学：the man who dies rich dies disgraced.在巨富中死去，是一种耻辱。其中的rich and disgraced 是说明主语的性质的。 　

1）状态系动词 用来表示主语状态，只有be一词，例如：

He is a teacher. 他是一名教师。（is与补足语一起说明主语的身份。） 　　

2）持续系动词 用来表示主语继续或保持一种状况或态度，主要有keep, rest, remain, stay, lie, stand, 例如：

He always kept silent at meeting. 他开会时总保持沉默。

This matter rests a mystery. 此事仍是一个谜。 　　

3）表像系动词 用来表示"看起来像"这一概念，主要有seem, appear, look, 例如：

He looks tired. 他看起来很累。

He seems (to be) very sad. 他看起来很伤心。

4）感官系动词 感官系动词主要有feel, smell, sound, taste, 例如：

This kind of cloth feels very soft. 这种布手感很软。

This flower smells very sweet. 这朵花闻起来很香。 　　

5）变化系动词 这些系动词表示主语变成什么样，变化系动词主要有become, grow, turn, fall, get, go, come, run. 例如：

He became mad after that. 自那之后，他疯了。

She grew rich within a short time. 她没多长时间就富了。

6）终止系动词 表示主语已终止动作，主要有prove, turn out, 表达"证实"，"变成"之意，例如：

The rumor proved false. 这谣言证实有假。

The search proved difficult. 搜查证实很难。

His plan turned out a success. 他的计划终于成功了。（turn out表终止性结果）

注意：可带名词作表语的系动词be, become, make, look, sound, fall, prove, remain, turn后接的单数名词前多不用冠词。 　　

7）系动词无被动语态：appear，be，become，fall，feel，get，grow，keep，look,remain，seem，smell，sound，stay，taste，turn 如：

It sounds good.

 

状语从句前面通常有so...that ,such ...that

如何一步区分开定语从句和同位从句?

同一位置平等的,主干齐全,

 

 

 

一:同位语

1.主干和从句都是完整的

2.主干和从句可以分开

3.从句对主干作补充说明

she is a girl who is beautiful.

二:定语从句

1.缺成分(不管缺什么只要缺成分)

2.主干和从句不能分开.

 

同位语:全,定语从句:缺

同全,定缺

把that去掉,看看句子完整的句子就是同位语从句,缺成分就是定语从句.

The same dramatic technological changes that have provided markets with more and more diverse communications choices(定语从句:不是完整句子,缺成分) have also increased the risk that passionate consumers Will voice their opinions in quicke more visible, and much more damaging ways.

前置不通顺,用后置翻译

同样戏剧性的技术变化,这种选择提供给市场者越来越多样性的交流的选择

 

 

定语从句的常规翻译方法

（ 1 ）前置法·定从放在被修饰的名词前 / 加 " 的 "

she is a girl who is beautiful.

 girl 是先行词

把 who is beautiful.放在先行词前面

she is a who is beautiful  girl .

他是个漂亮的女孩

 

（ 2 ）后置法定从放在被修饰的名词后 / 另起一句 / 重复先行词 / 顺译。

she is a girl who is beautiful.

先行词是这个关系词/连接词,距离最近的名词,一般式名词

she is a girl /(分开)girl is beautiful.

翻译;她是一个女孩,这女孩是漂亮的,

 

The same dramatic technological changes that have provided markets with more and more diverse communications choices(定语从句:不是完整句子,缺成分) have also increased the risk(先行词) that passionate consumers Will voice their opinions in quicke more visible, and much more damaging ways.(同位语)主谓宾齐全

同位语从句翻译方法:重复先行词:顺译

这种风险是:有激情的消费者将发表他们的观点以更快速更明显，更具破坏力的方式。

这种风险是:有激情的消费者将以更快速更明显，更具破坏力的方式发表他们的观点.

 

 

 

 

Pearson has pieced together the work of hundreds of researchers around the world(状语) to produce a unique millennium technology calendar that gives the latest dates(定语从句:后置翻译) when we can expect hundreds of key breakthroughs and discoveries to take place.(定语从句:前置翻译)

状语要调到合适的为位置

二:定语从句

1.缺成分(不管缺什么只要缺成分)

2.主干和从句不能分开.

latest 如果发生过去是最新的,如果发生在将来翻译为最远的,最晚的.

when 引导的定语从句

1.前面有表示时间名词或名词短语,不能表示时间,只能修饰时间

2.when 所在从句中不能缺主谓宾的,只能缺时间状语从句

 

 

 

 

1.I'll never forget the time which I spent on campus .(我花费在校园.缺少宾语:定语从句)  

time 名词前没有修饰语可以前置,

我永远无法忘记我在校园度过的时间.

 

 

2.I'll never forget the day when we first met in the park.

when 引导的定语从句

1.前面有表示时间名词或名词短语,不能表示时间,只能修饰时间

2.when 所在从句中不能缺主谓宾的,只能缺时间状语从句

第一个句子只能用which而不能用when是因为缺宾语.

我永远也不会忘记我们首次在公园相遇的那一天.

 

 

This trend began during the Second World War, when several governments came to the conclusion that the specific demands that a government wants to make of its scientific establishment cannot generally be foreseen in detail.

 

 

Behaviorists suggest that the child(宾语从句) who is raised in an environment(定语从句) where there are many stimuli(定语从句) which develop his or her capacity for app  priate reponses will experience greater intellectual development(定语从句)